Common Ear Infections: Symptoms, Causes, and When to See a Doctor

Ear pain is a common ailment that affects both children and adults, often striking with a sharp, persistent ache that can be hard to ignore. While frequently associated with childhood, ear infections don’t discriminate by age. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and knowing when to seek professional help is crucial for effective treatment and preventing complications.

What Are the Different Types of Ear Infections?

Ear infections are generally categorized by their location within the ear:

Otitis Externa (Outer Ear Infection): Often called “swimmer’s ear,” this infection occurs in the ear canal, the tube connecting the outer ear to the eardrum. It’s frequently caused by water retention that creates a moist environment for bacteria to grow.
Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection): This is the most classic type, especially in children. It involves the space behind the eardrum where small vibrating bones are located. It often starts when a cold, allergy, or sinus infection causes fluid and mucus to become trapped in the middle ear, leading to bacterial or viral growth.
Otitis Interna (Labyrinthitis): An inner ear infection that affects the labyrinth, which controls your balance and hearing. This type is less common but can be more severe.

Recognizing the Symptoms: Is It an Ear Infection?

The symptoms can vary depending on the type of infection and the age of the patient.

Common Symptoms Across All Ages:

Ear pain: A persistent ache, which can be sharp, dull, or throbbing.
Feeling of fullness or pressure inside the ear.
Muffled hearing or temporary hearing loss.
Drainage of fluid from the ear (a sign a possible eardrum rupture).
Itchiness inside the ear canal (common in outer ear infections).

Symptoms in Children:

Tugging or pulling at the ear.
Fussiness and excessive crying.
Difficulty sleeping.
Fever, especially in younger children.
Loss of appetite.
Trouble responding to quiet sounds due to hearing difficulty.

What Causes an Ear Infection?

Ear infections are typically caused by bacteria or viruses. They often begin after another illness, like a cold or the flu, which causes congestion and swelling in the nasal passages and throat.

Key Risk Factors:

Age: Children between 6 months and 2 years are more susceptible due to the size and shape of their Eustachian tubes.
Group Settings: Kids in daycare are exposed to more colds and subsequent ear infections.
Seasonal Factors: Ear infections are more common during fall and winter.
Poor Air Quality: Exposure to tobacco smoke or high levels of air pollution can increase risk.
Altitude Changes and Climate changes can affect Eustachian tube function.
Swimming: For outer ear infections, swimming in contaminated water is a common cause.

When Should You See a Doctor?

While some mild ear infections can clear on their own, it’s important to know the red flags. Seek medical attention if you or your child experience:

Symptoms that last for more than 24-48 hours.
Severe ear pain.
A high fever (over 102.2°F or 39°C).
Pus, fluid, or blood draining from the ear.
Noticeable hearing loss.
Symptoms in a child under 6 months of age (always see a doctor immediately).
Symptoms that worsen or do not improve after taking antibiotics.

Early diagnosis and treatment are essential. Untreated ear infections can lead to more serious complications, including hearing loss, speech or developmental delays in children, and the infection spreading to other parts of the head.

Expert Care for Ear, Nose, and Throat Health

If you suspect an ear infection, consulting with an experienced ENT specialist is the best course of action. They can provide an accurate diagnosis, recommend appropriate treatment—which may include pain management, antibiotics, or other therapies—and offer guidance on prevention.

Consult Dr. Rohit Prasad is a trusted ENT specialist in Bhosari and PCMC, dedicated to diagnosing and treating a wide range of ear, nose, and throat conditions.

Common Ear Infections: Symptoms, Causes, and When to See a Doctor